COMPUTER
A computer or computer (computer and English East-calculate computare Latin), also called PC (French computer, and east of latínordinator) is an electronic machine that receives and processes data into information useful. A computer is a collection of integrated circuits and related components that can execute with accuracy, speed and as indicated by a user or automatically by another program, a variety of sequences of instructions or routines that are ordered, systematized in organizadasy function to a wide range of practical applications and precisely determined, a process which has been called with the name de-programming and performing it is called a programmer. The computer, in addition to routine or software, you need specific data (these data, taken together, are called "Input" in English or in) to be supplied, which are required at the time of execution to provide the end product of data processing, which is called "output" or exit. The information can then be used, reinterpreted, copied, transferred, or transmitted to another person (s) of person (s), computer (s) or component (s) address (s) locally or remotely using different detelecomunicación systems and can be recorded, saved or stored on any device or storage unit. The main feature that distinguishes it from other similar devices, such as non-programmable lacalculadora is that it is a general purpose machine, that is, you can perform very different tasks, according to the possibilities offered by programming languages and hardware.
COMPUTER HISTORY
In 1670 the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz perfected this and invented a machine that could also multiply.
The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard, when designing an automatic loom, used thin wood perforated plates to control the fabric used in complex designs. During the 1880 American statistician Herman Hollerith conceived the idea of using punched cards, similar to Jacquard's boards, to process data.Hollerith got compile statistical information for the census, 1890 depopulation of the United States using a system that pretended to punch cards over electrical contacts. Also in the nineteenth century British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage worked out the principles of the modern digital computer. He invented a series of machines, as the Difference Engine, designed to solve complex mathematical problems.Many historians consider Babbage and his partner, British mathematician Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1852), daughter of English poet Lord Byron, as the true inventors of the modern digital computer. The technology of that time was not able to transfer their successful practice concepts, but one of his inventions, the Analytical Engine, as had many of the characteristics of a modern computer. It included a stream or input stream in packet form of punched cards, a memory to store data, a processor for math and a printer to make permanent registration. Analog computers began to be built in the early twentieth century.Early model calculations performed by rotating shafts and gears.These machines were evaluated numerical approximations of equations too difficult to be resolved by other methods. During the two world wars were used analog systems, first mechanical and then electrical to predict the path of the torpedoes on submarines and remote operation of the pumps in aviation. During World War II (1939-1945), a team of scientists and mathematicians working in Bletchley Park, north London, created what is considered the first fully electronic digital computer, Colossus. By December 1943, Colossus, 1500 válvulaso incorporating vacuum tubes, was already operational. It was used by the team led by Alan Turing to decode encrypted radio messages from the Germans. In 1939, independently of this project, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry had already built a prototype electronic machine at Iowa State College (USA). The prototype and subsequent investigations were carried out in anonymity, and were later eclipsed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC English, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) in 1946. The ENIAC, which was demonstrated as largely based on Atanasoff-Berry computer (in English ABC, Atanasoff-Berry Computer), obtained a patent that expired in 1973, several decades later. The ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute, but his program was connected to the processor and should be modified manually. It is a successor to the ENIAC built with a storage program that was based on the concepts of Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann. The instructions are stored within a call memory, freeing the computer from the limitations of speed paper tape reader during implementation and help remedy problems without having to reconnect to the computer. In the late 1950's the use of computers transistor marked the advent of smaller logical elements, quick and versatile than machines with valves allowed. Because transistors use much less energy and have a longer life, its development was the emergence of more sophisticated machines, which were called computers or second generation. The components are made smaller and the spaces between them, so making the system more expensive. In the late 1960's came the integrated circuit (IC), which enabled the production of multiple transistors on a single silicon substrate in which the interconnecting cables were soldiers. The integrated circuit allowed a further reduction in price, size and error rates.The microprocessor became a reality in the mid 1970's with the introduction of the circuit of large scale integration (LSI stands for Large Scale Integrated) and later with the circuit of large scale integration (VLSI acronym for Very Large Scale Integrated), with several thousand soldiers interconnected transistors on a single silicon substrate.
THE OLD COMPUTER
Today when when we talk about a PC, or conputadora is themost normal thing in the world can even move with an underarm,or take our work home in a pen-draive, or even store all our life isa hard disk no more bulky than a paperback book.
It was not always the same and to reach it today.
The first computer started to work required a team of peopleawaiting her day and night, was called ENIAC which stands forElectronic Numerical Integrator English and computer (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) used by the U.S. Army.States in the Ballistics Research Laboratory, the giant machinewas also the first electronic computer was completely digital.
The dimensions were impressive was built at the University ofPennsylvania for John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly,occupied an area of 167 m² and operated a total of 17,468electronic valves or vacuum tubes. Physically, ENIAC had17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and 5 million welds.
It weighed 27 tons, measuring 2.4 mx 0.9 mx 30 m, usingelectromagnetic switches 1500, required the manual operation of some 6,000 switches, and software program or when requiredmodifications, it took weeks of manual installation.
The ENIAC local temperature rose to 50 ° C. To performdifferent operations had to be changed, connect and reconnectthe cables as they were at that time in telephone exchanges.This work could take several days depending on the calculationto be performed.
